Inorganic sulfur in the environment (primarily sulfate, but also sulfur, and sulfite) must undergo fixation to be utilized by organisms. The fixation of sulfate is largely confined to plants and bacteria and biosynthesis of cysteine represents the final step of sulfate assimilation in these organisms. Fixation begins with the formation of PAPS (3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-Phosphosulfate). PAPS is an activated sulfate compound and an intermediate in all organisms for sulfate esterification, such as the synthesis of chondroi...
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