The Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 13 types known to-date, are a group of pattern-recognition receptors that play a crucial role in danger recognition and induction of the innate immune response against bacterial and viral infections. The major adaptors that bind to the intracellular domain of TLR to activate the proinflammatory response are the myeloid differentiation primary response MYD88 and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF). TRIF-dependent signaling is required for TLR-mediated production of type-I ...