Enterococci are Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic and Lactic acid producing bacteria. Most strains are non-hemolytic. E. faecalis (Enterococcus faecalis), also known as S. faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis), the second most frequent enterococcal species, is a saprophytic commensal that inhabits the oral cavity and gastrointestinal flora of humans and animals and behaves as an opportunistic pathogen causing severe urinary tract infections, surgical wound infections, Bacteremia, and bacterial Endocarditis. The increased incidence of E. faecalis infection has been related to the innate resistance of this microorganism to many commonly used antimicrobial agents and to its ability to become resistant to most, and in some cases to all, of the presently available[..]

E. faecalis (Enterococcus faecalis), also known as S. faecalis (Streptococcus faecalis), a Gram-positive bacterium, is a natural inhabitant of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract and is found in soil, sewage, water and food, frequently through fecal contamination. It is an opportunistic pathogen that is a major cause of urinary tract infections, Bacteremia, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and infective Endocarditis. It has become a nosocomial pathogen that is refractory to most therapeutic options (Ref.1). The involvement of D- and L-Amino acid metabolism like L-Serine, L-Threonine and Glycine plays a major role in cell sustenance, generation of several essential compounds, intact protein synthesis, and pathogenesis in E. faecalis (Ref.2). In E.[..]

E. coli (Escherichia coli) is Gram-negative with external flagella. The strain E. coli CFT073 are uropathogenic and this group is responsible for Acute Cystitis and Pyelonephritis. E. coli is a remarkably diverse species because some strains living as harmless commensals in animal intestines, whereas other distinct genotypes including the enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, enteroinvasive, enterotoxigenic, and enteroaggregative E. coli causes significant morbidity and mortality as human intestinal pathogens (Ref.1). Extra-intestinal E. coli are another varied group of life-threatening pathogens of this manifestly versatile species. This latter group of pathogens includes distinct clonal groups responsible for neonatal meningitis/sepsis and urinary tract infections.[..]

The bacterium E. coli (Escherichia coli) is one of the best and most thoroughly studied free-living organisms. It is also a remarkably diverse species because some E. coli strains live as harmless commensals in animal intestines, whereas other distinct genotypes including the enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, enteroinvasive, enterotoxigenic, and enteroaggregative E. coli causes significant morbidity and mortality as human intestinal pathogens (Ref.1). Extra-intestinal E. coli are another varied group of life-threatening pathogens of this manifestly versatile species. This latter group of pathogens includes distinct clonal groups responsible for neonatal meningitis/sepsis and urinary tract infections. E. coli is Gram-negative, flagellated and members of the strain E.[..]

The bacterium E. coli O157 (Escherichia coli O157) is a worldwide threat to public health and are implicated in many outbreaks of Haemorrhagic Colitis, some of which included fatalities caused by Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome. The severity of disease, the lack of effective treatment and the potential for large-scale outbreaks from contaminated food supplies have propelled intensive research on the pathogenesis and detection of E. coli O157 strains and these include candidate virulence factors, alternative metabolic capacities, several prophages and other new functions-all of which could be targets for surveillance (Ref.1). The enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 EDL933 is Gram-negative having external flagella. The involvement of D- and L-Amino acid metabolism like L-Serine,[..]

The bacterium E. coli O157 (Escherichia coli O157) is a worldwide threat to public health and are implicated in many outbreaks of Haemorrhagic Colitis, some of which included fatalities caused by Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome. The severity of disease, the lack of effective treatment and the potential for large-scale outbreaks from contaminated food supplies have propelled intensive research on the pathogenesis and detection of E. coli O157 strains and these include candidate virulence factors, alternative metabolic capacities, several prophages and other new functions-all of which could be targets for surveillance (Ref.1). The enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 Sakai is Gram-negative, having external flagella and first derived from an outbreak in Sakai city, Japan. It[..]

P. acnes (Propionibacterium acnes) is the most common Gram-positive, non-spore forming, anaerobic rod and a major inhabitant of adult human skin, where it resides within sebaceous follicles, usually as a harmless commensal, even though it has been implicated in Acne Vulgaris (Pimples) formation. P. acnes typically grows as an obligate anaerobe, however, some strains are aerotolerant, but still show better growth as an anaerobe. It has the ability to produce Propionic acid and Catalase along with Indole, Nitrate, or both Indole and Nitrate. The bacteria release Lipases to digest a surplus of the skin oil, Sebum. The combination of digestive products (Fatty acids) and bacterial antigens stimulates an intense local inflammation that bursts the hair follicle. Then, a[..]

Organisms vary widely in their ability to metabolize amino acids. Based on metabolic requirements amino acids are grouped as essential amino acids (that must be provided in as nutrient) and non-essential amino acids (biosynthesized in adequate amounts). Except for Glycine, all amino acids occur in two possible optical isomers, called D and L. Because of the two hydrogen atoms at the Alpha-carbon, Glycine is not optically active. The L-amino acids represent the vast majority of amino acids found in proteins, whereas, D-amino acids are found in some proteins produced by exotic sea-dwelling organisms, but are abundant components of the cell walls of bacteria. Amino acid metabolisms are vital for the maintenance of normal nitrogen balance in an organism. The Alpha-amino[..]

A. marginale (Anaplasma marginale) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. It is the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle worldwide and is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. A. marginale causes Anaplasmosis, an infectious blood disease which results in significant morbidity and mortality in cattle. A. marginale invades the red blood cells of the host animal and multiplies, causing their destruction. The presence of the parasite in the red blood cells stimulates the cattle's immune system to remove the affected cells from circulation and destroy them. This large scale destruction of red blood cells results in Anaemia, fever, weight loss, respiratory distress, abortion and often death. Although[..]

Wolbachia are intracellular Gram-negative bacteria found in association with a variety of invertebrate species, including Insects, Mites, Spiders, terrestrial Crustaceans, and Nematodes. Wolbachia are transovarialy transmitted from females to their offspring and are extremely widespread. Wolbachia sp. are members of the Rickettsiales order of the Alpha-subdivision of the Proteobacteria phyla and belong to the Anaplasmataceae family, with members of the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Cowdria, and Neorickettsia. Six major clades (A-F) of Wolbachia have been identified to date: A, B, E, and F have been reported from Insects, Arachnids, and Crustaceans; C and D from Filarial Nematodes (Ref.1). Wolbachia are of great interest due to their diverse interactions with different[..]

S. thermophilum (Symbiobacterium thermophilum) is a Tryptophanase-positive, Gram-negative, symbiotic thermophile, which shows normal growth only in co-culture with its supporting bacteria like Bacillus sp. under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. S. thermophilum possesses the necessary enzymes required for the biosynthesis of all essential amino acids. The metabolism of Serine and Glycine is used as a source of Glycine, Serine, one-carbon units, and Threonine. L-Serine is a key intermediate in a number of important metabolic pathways and is also an important precursor biomolecule in the synthesis of Phospholipids (Ref.1 & 2). L-Serine is converted into phospholipids like Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylethanolamine by Phosphatidylserine Synthase and PsD[..]

The H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) J99 strains are Gram-negative, micro-aerophilic, spiral-shaped and flagellated bacteria, are associated with the pathogenesis of Gastric inflammation and Peptic ulcer disease (Ref.1). Presence of H. pylori J99 in the gastric mucosa is associated with Duodenal ulcers. The H. pylori genome is important for drug discovery and vaccine development and this is exemplified by the genome analysis of not only H. pylori Strain 26695 but also H. pylori J99. H. pylori J99 protein-coding genes (91 genes) are unique to the strain. H. pylori have well-developed systems for motility, for scavenging iron, and for DNA restriction and modification. H. pylori utilize amino acids as the sole carbon and nitrogen energy source. It also utilizes Glucose.[..]