The marine unicellular cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest-known oxygen-evolving autotroph. It numerically dominates the phytoplankton in the tropical and subtropical oceans, and is responsible for a significant fraction of global photosynthesis. Prochlorococcus marinus lacks phycobilisomes that are characteristic of cyanobacteria, and contains chlorophyll b as its major accessory pigment. This enables it to absorb blue light efficiently at the low-light intensities and blue wavelengths characteristic of the deep euphotic zone. It contributes 30-80% of the total photosynthesis in the oligotrophic oceans, and thus plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and the Earth's climate. Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9313 is a member of Prochlorophytes The[..]

The marine unicellular Cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest-known oxygen-evolving autotroph. Prochlorococcus marinus, the dominant photosynthetic organism in the ocean, is found in two main ecological forms: high-light-adapted genotypes in the upper part of the water column and low-light-adapted genotypes at the bottom of the illuminated layer. P. marinus SS120, the complete genome sequence reported here, is an extremely low-light-adapted form. The genome of P. marinus SS120 is composed of a single circular chromosome of 1,751,080 bp with an average G+C content of 36.4%. It contains 1,884 predicted protein-coding genes with an average size of 825 bp, a single rRNA operon, and 40 tRNA genes. It lacks many genes that are involved in photosynthesis, DNA repair,[..]

The marine unicellular Cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest-known oxygen-evolving autotroph. It numerically dominates the phytoplankton in the tropical and subtropical oceans, and is responsible for a significant fraction of global photosynthesis. Prochlorococcus marinus lacks phycobilisomes that are characteristic of Cyanobacteria, and contains Chlorophyll b as its major accessory pigment. This enables it to absorb blue light efficiently at the low-light intensities and blue wavelengths characteristic of the deep euphotic zone. It contributes 30-80% of the total photosynthesis in the oligotrophic oceans, and thus plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and the Earth's climate. Prochlorococcus marinus MIT9313 is a member of Prochlorophytes The[..]

The marine unicellular Cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the smallest-known oxygen-evolving autotroph. Prochlorococcus marinus, the dominant photosynthetic organism in the ocean, is found in two main ecological forms: high-light-adapted genotypes in the upper part of the water column and low-light-adapted genotypes at the bottom of the illuminated layer. P. marinus SS120, the complete genome sequence reported here, is an extremely low-light-adapted form. The genome of P. marinus SS120 is composed of a single circular chromosome of 1,751,080 bp with an average G+C content of 36.4%. It contains 1,884 predicted protein-coding genes with an average size of 825 bp, a single rRNA operon, and 40 tRNA genes. It lacks many genes that are involved in photosynthesis, DNA repair,[..]

Nitrosomonas europaea  is a gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Nitrosomonas europaea participates in the biogeochemical N cycle in the process of nitrification. Its genome consists of a single circular chromosome of 2,812,094 bp. The cell's demand for carbon has to be met almost entirely by the fixation of carbon dioxide. Additional mineral salts complete the cell's nutritional needs. Although this bacterium can incorporate small amounts of organic compounds into cellular biomass, there is an obligate requirement for oxidation of ammonia and assimilation of inorganic nutrients to support growth. Besides, Amino acids also play an important role in[..]

Prochlorococcus is a unicellular cyanobacterium that dominates the temperate and tropical oceans. It lacks phycobilisomes that are characteristic of cyanobacteria, and contains chlorophyll b as its major accessory pigment. This enables it to absorb blue light efficiently at the low-light intensities and blue wavelengths characteristic of the deep euphotic zone. It contributes 30-80% of the total photosynthesis in the oligotrophic oceans, and thus plays a significant role in the global carbon cycle and the Earth's climate. Prochlorococcus marinus MED4 is a member of Prochlorophytes. The genome of Prochlorococcus marinus MED4, a high-light-adapted strain, is 1,657,990 base pairs (bp). This is the smallest of any oxygenic phototroph—significantly smaller than[..]

Nitrosomonas europaea is a gram-negative obligate chemolithoautotroph that can derive all its energy and reductant for growth from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Nitrosomonas europaea participates in the biogeochemical N cycle in the process of nitrification. It lives in several places such as soil, sewage, freshwater, the walls of buildings and on the surface of monuments especially in polluted areas where air contains high levels of nitrogen compounds. This microbe prefers an optimum pH of 6.0-9.0, fairly neutral conditions, has an aerobic metabolism and prefers a temperature range of 20-30 degrees centigrade. Most are motile with flagella located in the Polar Regions although some species are nonmotile. The cell's demand for carbon has to be met almost[..]

S. thermophilum (Symbiobacterium thermophilum) is a Tryptophanase-positive, Gram-negative, symbiotic thermophile, which shows normal growth only in co-culture with its supporting bacteria like Bacillus sp. under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. S. thermophilum possesses the necessary enzymes required for the biosynthesis of all essential amino acids. The metabolism of Serine and Glycine is used as a source of Glycine, Serine, one-carbon units, and Threonine. L-Serine is a key intermediate in a number of important metabolic pathways and is also an important precursor biomolecule in the synthesis of Phospholipids (Ref.1 & 2). L-Serine is converted into phospholipids like Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylethanolamine by Phosphatidylserine Synthase and PsD[..]

T. maritima (Thermotoga maritima), is an anerobic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which usually grows singly or in pairs. The organism has an optimum growth temperature of 80 degrees centigrade. T. maritima metabolizes many simple and complex carbohydrates, keto-acids, etc. to fuels such as Hydrogen. The metabolism of amino acids like Glycine, Serine and Threonine acts as a source of carbon and energy for T. maritima by the conversion of amino acids to keto-acids and carbohydrates (Ref.1). The Glycine Cleavage System catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of Glycine in bacteria to supply one carbon units and generation of other vital amino acids like L-Serine and L-Threonine. The Glycine Cleavage reaction catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of Glycine to[..]

A. marginale (Anaplasma marginale) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. It is the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle worldwide and is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. A. marginale causes Anaplasmosis, an infectious blood disease which results in significant morbidity and mortality in cattle. A. marginale invades the red blood cells of the host animal and multiplies, causing their destruction. The presence of the parasite in the red blood cells stimulates the cattle's immune system to remove the affected cells from circulation and destroy them. This large scale destruction of red blood cells results in Anaemia, fever, weight loss, respiratory distress, abortion and often death. Although[..]

The genus Leptospira consists of a genetically heterogeneous group of pathogenic and saprophytic species belonging to the phylum Spirochaetales. It is the causative agent of Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution and transmission to humans occurs through contact with domestic or wild animal reservoirs or an environment contaminated by their urine. Leptospira is a flexible, spiral-shaped, Gram-negative Spirochete with internal flagella. Leptospira enters the host through mucosa and broken skin, resulting in Bacteremia. The Spirochetes multiply in organs, most commonly the Central Nervous System, kidneys, liver and conjunctiva. Infective bacteria are shed in the urine. These organisms establish themselves a commensal relationship with many animal[..]

Leptospira is a genus of Spirochetal bacteria and the causative agent of Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution and transmission to humans occurs through contact with domestic or wild animal reservoirs or an environment contaminated by their urine. Leptospira is a flexible, spiral-shaped, Gram-negative Spirochete with internal flagella. Leptospira enters the host through mucosa and broken skin, resulting in Bacteremia. The Spirochetes multiply in organs, most commonly the Central Nervous System, kidneys, liver and conjunctiva. Infective bacteria are shed in the urine. These organisms establish themselves a commensal relationship with many animal hosts, persisting in the renal tubules without producing disease or causing pathologic changes in the[..]