Featured Pathways
Gastrin is the primary hormone that induces gastric acid secretion. In humans, the gene encoding for gastrin is located on chromosome 17q21. This hormone is produced by the G-cells of the antrum of stomach as preprogastrin, which comprises of 101 amino acids and is cleaved between Ala-21 and Ser-22 to yield progastrin.Gastrin interacts with the membrane-bound G-protein coupled cholecystokinin[..]
The HTLV-1(human T-lymphotropic virus type 1) is the etiological agent of ATL(adult T-cell leukemia). HTLV-1 Tax has been shown to have a prosurvival role in infected T cells by enhancing expression of the BCL-2 family of antiapoptotic proteins.After intensive studies, evidence has shown that the viral protein Tax has a key role in promoting viral spread and it is also one of the essential[..]
The retroviral life cycle begins in the nucleus of an infected cell. At this stage of the life cycle the retroviral genome is a DNA element integrated into and covalently attached to the DNA of the host cell. Deltaretroviruses are complex viruses characterized by “C”-Type morphology. The most famous examples are the HTLV1 (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus-1), HTLV2 and the BLV (Bovine[..]
IL-2 (Interleukin-2) is a biological response modifier (cytokine), which stimulates the growth, proliferation and subsequent differentiation of disease-fighting blood cells, like T-Cells, B-Cells, NK (Natural Killer) cells, monocytes, macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. It is a powerful immunoregulatory lymphokine that was originally described as "T-Cell growth factor" and is[..]
The Plasmodium Merozoite is an ovoid cell and measures approximately 1.5 micron in length and 1 micron in width. The apical end of the Merozoite is a truncated cone-shaped projection demarcated by the polar rings. At the anterior end of the Merozoite are present three types of membrane-bound organelles, namely, Rhoptries (two prominent pear-shaped, 570 X330 nm), micronemes (ovoid[..]
CCR5 (Chemokine-CC Motif-Receptor-5) is a member of the chemokine receptor subclass of the GPCR (G-Protein-Coupled Receptor) superfamily. It regulates leukocyte chemotaxis in inflammation and serves as a coreceptor for M-tropic (Macrophage tropic) HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) entry. It serves as a functional receptor for various inflammatory CC-chemokines, including MIP1Alpha (Macrophage[..]
Efficient ligation of the TCR (T-Cell Receptor) by high-density Antigen can generate a productive T-Cell response and result in cytokine secretion and clonal expansion that is crucial for an optimal immune response. TCR stimulation may provoke different cell responses (proliferation, anergy to subsequent stimuli, cell death) in mature circulating T-Cells (Ref.1). Deregulation of T-Cell[..]
PGC1Alpha (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1-Alpha) is a tissue-specific transcriptional coactivator that enhances the activity of many nuclear receptors and coordinates transcriptional programs important for cellular energy metabolism and overall energy homeostasis (Ref.1). It is a key regulator of cardiac mitochondrial functional capacity and participates in the[..]
TOB (Transducer of ErbB2), a member of the TOB and BTG (B-cell Translocation Gene) anti-proliferative protein family, negatively regulates the proliferation of Osteoblasts. Bone is formed and resorbed continuously, starting in the embryo and continuing throughout adult life. This process occurring in adult bone is called bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is accomplished by precise coordination[..]
Acute gastroenteritis is among the most common illnesses of humankind, and its associated morbidity and mortality are greatest among those at the extremes of age, children and the elderly. In developing countries, gastroenteritis is a common cause of death in children that can be linked to a wide variety of pathogens. The mammalian gastrointestinal epithelium is[..]
The sense of taste plays a critical role in the life and nutritional status of humans and other organisms. Human taste perception may be categorized according to four well known and widely accepted descriptors, sweet, bitter, salty, and sour (corresponding to particular taste qualities or modalities), and two more controversial qualities: fat and amino acid taste.Taste is a sensory modality[..]
