Featured Pathways
Protein synthesis regulation in eukaryotes is important for the modulation of gene expression. The process of mRNA translation/protein synthesis is generally initiated by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs), which along with p70S6K play critical roles in translational regulation (Ref.1). During mRNA translation, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) (the m7GTP cap-binding[..]
The ERBB (Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog) or EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) family of transmembrane RTKs (Receptor Tyrosine Kinases) plays an important role during the growth and development of a number of organs including the heart, the mammary gland, and the central nervous system. In addition, ERBB overexpression is associated with tumorigenesis of the breast, ovaries, brain,[..]
ERBB4 (Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog-4) is a 180-kDa transmembrane RTK (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase) that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. The ERBB4 is a member of the EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) subfamily of transmembrane RTKs. ERBB4 is expressed in several tissues, mainly heart, mammary gland and the central nervous system. ERBB4 and its ligands[..]
Killer lymphocytes are key players in the effector arm of the immune response that eliminate cells infected with intracellular pathogens and transformed tumor cells. Killer cells in both adaptive and innate immunity-T cells (CTLS) and natural killer (NK) cells, respectively, use the same basic mechanisms for destroying their targets, although they are triggered by distinct receptors and the[..]
NF-KappaB (Nuclear Factor-KappaB) is a heterodimeric protein composed of different combinations of members of the Rel family of transcription factors. The Rel/ NF-KappaB family of transcription factors are involved mainly in stress-induced, immune, and inflammatory responses. In addition, these molecules play important roles during the development of certain hemopoietic cells, keratinocytes,[..]
PKR (Protein kinase-R) is a ubiquitously expressed serine-threonine kinase that has been implicated as a signal integrator in translational and transcriptional control pathways. PKR mediate apoptosis induced by many different stimuli, such as LPS (Lipopolysaccharides), IFN-Gamma (Interferon-Gamma), cytokines, growth factor, viral infection, or serum starvation. PKR activity is[..]
Complement is a complex system containing more than 30 various glycoproteins present in serum in the form of components, factors, or other regulators and/or on the surface of different cells in the form of receptors. It is a highly sophisticated host defence system designed to destroy pathogens. Once the complement system is activated, a chain of reactions involving proteolysis and assembly[..]
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with the capacity to induce apoptosis. It is enriched in the tumor microenvironment, promotes tumor growth and subverts innate immune responses to cancer cells. TNF is the best studied member of the TNF superfamily. TNF-alpha can bind to two related receptors, TNF receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2), which are also used by other,[..]
Lactose (or D-Lactose) is a disaccharide composed of Galactose (or Galactose) and Glucose (or D-Glucose). It occurs only in milk. It is the primary carbohydrate in milk of most species. Lactose is synthesized in mammary glands. Two Glucose molecules are required for each Lactose molecule synthesized. One Glucose is converted to UDP-Glucose (Uridine Diphosphate-Glucose), which in turn is[..]
