Biological Databases and Tools

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Displaying 637 to 648 (of 828 pathways)

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Featured Pathways

HIF1Alpha Pathway

The cellular response to O2 (oxygen) is a central process in animal cells and figures prominently in the pathophysiology of several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. This process is coordinated by the HIF (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor) and its regulator, the pVHL (Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein). HIF1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that[..]

NFAT and Cardiac Hypertrophy

Cardiac failure, one of the largest health care burdens in the United States and other developed countries is often associated with prolonged and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, defined as a compensatory mechanism of the heart that helps to maintain cardiac output during pathological states with sustained increases in hemodynamic load (Ref.1). As cardiomyocytes lose the ability to divide[..]

Biosynthesis of Proline

Proline is unique in having a cyclic structure with its side chain connected to the amino group to create a secondary amine. As a consequence of its cyclic structure, Proline constrains the structure of proteins where it occurs, disrupting Alpha-helices. Isomerization between the cis and trans forms of Proline in proteins is isomerized by peptidyl-prolyl isomerases like the cyclophilins that[..]

Biosynthesis of Glycine and Serine

Intermediates in energy production pathways such as glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are commonly the starting point for the biosynthesis of amino acids. The biosynthesis of serine and glycine constitute a major metabolic pathway that plays a central role in the formation of other amino acids, nucleic acids and phospholipids. Serine an ɑ-amino acid used in the biosynthesis of proteins can be[..]

P2Y Receptor Signaling

Angiogenesis plays an important role in pathological events such as tumor growth, wound healing, psoriasis, and the ischemic retinopathies that occur in diabetes and sickle cell disease. The main modulators of the angiogenesis process in adults, is achieved through signaling by peptide growth factors, however, recent researches also emphasize the contribution of purines and pyrimidines to[..]

Metabolic States and Circadian Oscillators

In organisms as diverse as fruit flies and mammals, circadian rhythms are controlled by a transcriptional feedback system whose activity fluctuates as a function of the light-dark cycle. In mammals, the master clock (circadian pacemaker) resides in the SCN (Suprachiasmatic Nucleus) of the brain's hypothalamus and this endogenous clock drives physiology and behavior. In the absence of[..]

Repair of 8-OxoG by HOGG1

8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG) is a pre-mutagenic DNA lesion that is formed by the oxidation of guanine. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is primarily responsible for the damage of guanine is produced as a result of several endogenous processes or environmental agents. ROS can cause damage to cellular macromolecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Proteins, proteins, lipids and[..]

PKC-Theta Pathway

An effective immune response depends on the ability of specialized immunocytes to identify foreign molecules and respond by differentiation into mature effector cells. A cell-surface antigen recognition apparatus[..]

Biosynthesis of Tryptophan in Bacteria and Plants

Tryptophan is an amino acid essential to survival. Amino acids serve as building blocks for proteins, as well as serving as starting points for the synthesis of vitamins and many other crucial cellular molecules. While most plants and microorganisms can produce all the amino acids they need, tryptophan is one of eight amino acids that cannot be produced by animals. Humans and animals do not[..]

Biosynthesis of Valine in E. coli

Valine is a hydrophobic amino acid, it often forms the helical structures within interior proteins. Valine is an essential amino acids and must be obtained in the diet in human but not synthesized in human. It is generally biosynthesized by plants, algae, fungi, bacteria and archaea. Important sources of valine include soy flour, cottage cheese, fish, meats, and vegetables. Valine is[..]

Catabolic Pathways for Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Cysteine, Tryptophan and Threonine

Five amino acids, Alanine, Cysteine, Glycine, Serine and Threonine are broken down to yield Pyruvate. Tryptophan is included in this group since one of its breakdown products is Alanine, which is transaminated to Pyruvate. Alanine is an important in inter tissue nitrogen transporter and is an important part of the Glucose-Alanine cycle. The alanine catabolic[..]

Catabolic Pathway for Arginine, Histidine, Glutamate, Glutamine and Proline

Arginine serves as a precursor for synthesis of protein, nitric oxide, creatine, polyamines, agmatine, and urea. It is synthesized from glutamine, glutamate, and proline and is metabolically interconvertible with the amino acids proline and glutamate. ARG1 (arginase 1) converts L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea. L-ornithine is acted upon by OAT[..]