Biological Databases and Tools

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Displaying 709 to 720 (of 828 pathways)

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Featured Pathways

TOR Complexes in Yeast

TOR (Target of Rapamycin) is a PIKK (Phosphatidylinositol Kinase-related protein Kinase) that controls cell growth and proliferation. In all eukaryotic cells expressing the protein, TOR function is controlled by nutrient availability, which ensures that protein synthesis is repressed when the supply of precursor amino acids is insufficient. In mammalian cells, one branch of this pathway[..]

MAPK Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans

The MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathways are highly conserved signaling cascades that convert extracellular signals into various outputs. Each pathway is composed of three classes of protein kinase: MAPK, MAPKK (MAPK Kinase) and MAPKKK (MAPK Kinase Kinase). MAPK is activated by phosphorylation of specific tyrosine and threonine residues by a family of dual-specificity protein[..]

GHRH Signaling

GHRH (Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone) is a hypothalamic hormone that is essential for normal expansion of the somatotrope lineage during pituitary development. GHRH is produced by GHRH cells in the hypothalamus and reaches the adenohypophysis via the portal system. It stimulates the release of GH (Growth Hormone)/Somatotropin from the adenohypophysis. GH is required for normal postnatal growth,[..]

Relaxin Pathway

Relaxin is a polypeptide hormone that is secreted by the corpus luteum, into the circulation during the menstrual cycle and throughout pregnancy. During the cycle, it stimulates blood vessel growth in the endometrial lining of the uterus during the midluteal phase; coincident with the temporal window during which embryonic implantation occurs. If conception occurs,[..]

GNRH Signaling

Normal mammalian sexual maturation and reproductive functions require the integration and precise coordination of hormones at the hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal levels. The hypothalamic GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone), also called LHRH (Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone), is a key regulator in this system (the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis), that plays a decisive role[..]

MAPK Pathway in Drosophila melanogaster

MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) signal transduction pathways are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotic cells and transduce signals in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Each pathway is composed of three classes of protein kinase: MAPK, MAPKK (MAPK Kinase) and MAPKKK (MAPK Kinase Kinase). MAPK is activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation catalyzed by a[..]

Internalin Pathway

Listeria monocytogenes is a potentially deadly food-borne pathogen that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of several mammalian species, and can also cause invasive disease and systemic spread if it crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier. Listeria monocytogenes evolved two major molecular invasion proteins, referred to here as invasins: Internalin A (InlA, Internalin) and[..]

Erythropoietin Pathway

Erythropoiesis is a major pathway for Erythrocyte production, by which pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells give rise to mature end stage cells via a series of differentiations. Epo (Erythropoietin), a glycoprotein hormone and a multifunctional Hematopoietic Cytokine ligand, is the master regulator of Erythropoiesis. As a major function, it monitors the safe passage of the committed[..]

IGF1R Signaling

Programmed cell death, a form of altruistic suicide is a genetically controlled means of cellular self-destruction that leads to dismantling and packaging of cell material for removal by phagocytosis. All cells possess the ability to undergo programmed cell death (otherwise known as apoptosis), and the process is essential for normal development to shape organs and tissues as well as to remove[..]

Murine mSP-STK Signaling

Immune and inflammatory responses are rightly regulated to maintain a homoeostatic balance between an effective immune response and tissue damage to the host. Nitric Oxide is the principal mediator of many of the cytokine-inducible macrophage activities during a normal cell-mediated immune response. STK (Stem Cell-Derived Tyrosine Kinase), the murine homolog of the human RON (RON Protein[..]

MSP-RON Signaling

MSP (Macrophage-Stimulating Protein) also known as HGFL (Hepatocyte Growth Factor–Like Protein,) is a plasminogen-like growth factor that mediates its biological activities by activating the receptor tyrosine kinase RON also known as MSTR1, (Macrophage Stimulating Receptor-1), a member of the MET proto-oncogene family . The alpha-chain of MSP consists of an N-terminal PAN[..]

Biosynthesis of Progesterone

Cholesterol is the common precursor of all steroid hormones and is biosynthesized in many tissues. Steroid hormones are characterized by a common basic structure of cyclopentane-perhydro-phenantrene, a polycyclic complex of 17 carbon atoms forming a four-ring system. Altering a side chain or subsistent group of a cholesterol molecule produces various steroids molecules. Pregnenolone and[..]