Biological Databases and Tools

Featured Pathways

Featured Pathways All Pathways Categories Powerpoints

Displaying 685 to 696 (of 828 pathways)

...
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
(current)58
59
60
...

Featured Pathways

SOS Repair in E. coli

All organisms are exposed to a multitude of DNA damaging agents ranging from UV (Ultraviolet) light to fungal metabolites, like Aflatoxin B1. Furthermore, DNA damaging agents, such as ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species), can be produced by cells themselves as metabolic byproducts and intermediates. Together, these agents pose a constant threat to an organism's genome. As a result, organisms[..]

Signaling Involved in Cardiac Hypertrophy

Myocardial hypertrophy is an adaptational response of the heart to increased work load, but it is also associated with a high risk of cardiac mortality due to its established role in the development of cardiac failure, one of the leading causes of death in developed countries (Ref.1). The hypertrophic growth of the myocardium is initiated by a wide array of endocrine, paracrine, and[..]

RNAi Pathway

RNAi (RNA interference) is broadly defined as a gene silencing pathway that is triggered by dsRNA (double-stranded RNA). The dsRNA trigger can be supplied exogenously, as an experimental tool, or can derive from the genome. RNAi involves a number of steps from biogenesis of the trigger RNA, processing of dsRNA to small RNAs and formation of an effector complex containing the small RNA which[..]

Repair of Uracil Residues

Hydrolytic deamination of cytosine to uracil is a major source of genome instability in human cells. This mutagenic process is mostly enhanced in single stranded DNA . Single stranded DNA can be found in transcribed genes, near forks, in mitochondrial DNA as well as in breathing DNA. It is believed to be much higher in replicating cells as compared to non-replicating cells. The cytosine[..]

Toll Comparative Pathway

Innate immune system plays an important role in immune responses against pathogen invasion in vertebrates and invertebrates. In mammalian systems, it provides the first line of defense against multiple pathogens, whereas in insects, the entire immune system is innate. The Toll pathway plays important functions in innate immunity against infectious pathogens in vertebrates and invertebrates.[..]

IP3 Pathway

IP3 (Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate), also known as a second messenger, is a molecule that functions to transfer a chemical signal received by the cell, such as from a hormone, neurotransmitters, growth factors and hypertrophic stimuli such as AngII (Angiotensin-II), Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, and ET1 (Endothelin-1) to various signaling networks within the cell. IP3 is known to play a[..]

NF-KappaB Activation by EBV

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpesvirus that infects more than 90% of people worldwide, is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis, and is associated with multiple human malignancies, primarily of lymphoid and epithelial cell origin, including Burkitt’s lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoma, AIDS-associated lymphomas, Hodgkin’s disease, T-Cell lymphoma, NPC (Nasopharyngeal[..]

Estrogen Signaling

Estrogens play important roles in growth, development, reproduction, and maintenance of a diverse range of mammalian tissues. The physiological effects of estrogens are mediated by the intracellular ERs (Estrogen Receptors), which regulate transcription of target genes through binding to specific DNA target sequences. The ERs orchestrate both transcriptional and non-genomic functions in response[..]

Checkpoint Comparative Pathways

Cell cycle checkpoints are surveillance mechanisms that monitor the order, integrity, and fidelity of the major events of the cell cycle. These include growth to the appropriate cell size, the replication and integrity of the chromosomes, and their accurate segregation at mitosis. Many of these mechanisms are ancient in origin and highly conserved, and hence have been heavily informed by studies[..]

MNAR-PELP1 and Estrogen Receptor Interaction

Estrogen contributes to the development of three of the top five cancers of women--those of the breast, uterus, and ovaries--which together account for an estimated 240,000 new cancer cases a year in the United States alone (Ref.1). The ER (Estrogen Receptor) signaling pathway is implicated in the progression of cancer tumorigenesis and the activity of the hormone receptor is regulated by[..]

NF-KappaB Orthologue in Fruitfly (Drosophila melanogaster)

NF-KappaB (Nuclear factor-KappaB)/Rel proteins are dimeric, sequence-specific transcription factors involved in the activation of an exceptionally large number of genes in response to inflammation, viral and bacterial infections, and other stressful situations requiring rapid reprogramming of gene expression. NF-kappB pathway is crucial for the regulation of immune responses, inflammation, and[..]

Androgen Signaling

Androgens are recognized as genotropic inducers of a number of physiological functions mainly associated with the development of sexual characteristics. Androgens promote the growth and differentiation of prostate cells through ligand activation of the AR (Androgen Receptor) (Ref.1&2). The AR, upon activation by Androgens, mediates transcription of target genes that modulate growth and[..]